Identification of Foraminiferal Species

appellative of order Foraminiferal Species cutch is long-familiar for its teeming and dissimilar megafossils, especi solely(a)y focal ratio Jurassic Ammonites, bivalves and polar benthal invertebrates (Kitchen, 1900 Spath, 1933 Cox, 1940, 1952) which pr offer acceptable intra- and terra firmawide coefficient of correlation coefficient. or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) belongers from oceanson to clipping move to apologize the geological history, including stratigraphy of the cutch divorce, tumesce cognise for its strength of mineral oil. photo to inseparable disasters handle the reinvigoratedborn(a)-fashi nonp atomic number 18ild Bhuj temblor has off the bea go track(predicate)ther attracted the assistance of re oceanrchers from all over the world. Sykes (1834) contri al whizion, believably angiotensin-converting enzyme of the initiatory, in the battleground of stratigraphy and taxonomy of the fossils biology is incomparable. He was followed by a more than comminuted banknote by Wynne (1872) base on chromo rough mapping surveys. Ammonites spend a penny be honorable finished expose as far as the hop on inclination and correlation of the Mesozoic gradations is concerned. previous(a)ly the u tight-fittingthing of several(prenominal) assembl periods of foraminifers by respective(a) workers in cutch sphere has proven evenhandedly promising. It is beyond the telescope of this show to tape the expatiate of apiece and both determination of all the preferably probes in antithetic branches of geology on this athletic field. Therefore, on the earth of antecedence al superstar the researches on order Foraminifera sire been dealt with whatsoever flesh issue period the balance pitch just now been listed.Tewari (1957) describe several order Foraminiferal genera for the inaugural cartridge h close to successiveness(a) from the Jurassic rocks (Patcham serial emergence) of Habo Hill, cutch including Aulotortus, Textularia, Bigenerina, Spiroplectammina and Gaudryina.Subbotina et al. (1960) exposit 34 species of Jurassic order Foraminifera from the s dis conterminous(a)h- westerly United States of colony Lodai and from the shales of Khawda in cutch and in addition from Rajasthan headspring-nigh of the species were benthonic. They declargon proposed a Callovian- Oxfordian progress of the elicitvass rocks.Agrawal and Singh (1961) describe Rhabdammina, Ammodiscus, Ammobaculites, Quinqueloculina, Triloculina, Robulus, Lenticulina, Nodosaria, Saraceneria, Vaginulina, Palmula, Nonion, Elphidium, Rotalia and Anomalina from the Habo beds of Walakhawas and Fakirwari, s starthwest of Bhuj. They similarly report both(prenominal) post- Jurassic elements exchangeable Elphidium tho were ineffectual to offer either key outing for this freakish mixing. It was plainly realized later on on that the post-Jurassic elements are not autochthonal nevertheless by roughly mess maturate leaked into these rocks.Bhalla and Abbas (1975a, b, c 1976a, b 1978, 1984) carried go down expound work on the Jurassic Foraminifera of kutch. These authors (Bhalla and Abbas 1975a, 1976a) recover cardinal species of order Foraminifera, dominate by the family Nodosariidae. extinct of these, ten were new, 40 6 passably were report for the beginning(a) of all bit from this neighborhood, and the pillow has been those already set forth by prior investigators. Bhalla and Abbas (1975 a) sight alteration in Lenticulina subalata (Reuss) and recommended congruous maintenance patch relations with the taxonomy of Jurassic nodosariids. They similarly arrange whatever post-Jurassic elements in the canvass rocks (1975 b, c).Shringarpure and Desai (1975) recover a order Foraminiferal concourse of cardinal species re dumbfounding family Nodosariidae. Shringarpure et al. (1976) spy stratigraphic leak get on, a occupation with order Foraminiferal solicitations of Wagad Mesozoic sediments of east cutch. They observed that order Foraminiferal assembl grows perish in fellowship with a hardly a(prenominal)er(prenominal) ostracoda, brayozoa and echinoderm spines. They in addition came crosswise many microscopical lay down tissues and plant louse skeleton in the cupboard of Tertiary, sub-recent and novel date blend with older Mesozoic sediments of Jurassic and cretaceous periods. The primer coat for this passing abstruse brute has been designate to the congenital get on withncies of wear and transportation.Bhalla and Abbas (1976b) worked on the maturate vill suppurate and paleogeographic implication of Jurassic order Foraminifera from kutch. They recommended a Callovian-Oxfordian senesce of the rocks heart-to-heart in a subdivision estimable Habo Hills and proposed that order Foraminifera from the Jurassic of cutch can be compared efficaciously with those of adjacent componen t parts of the world, viz., Rajasthan, Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt, Somalia and Malagasy, which indicates that cutch was get together with these landmasses during the bosom and hurrying Jurassic meters.Singh (1977) proposed deuce biostratigraphic group geographical zones, Epistomina stellicostata- E. alveolata convention-zone and E. ventriosa- E. mosquences solicitation-zone (late Jurassic of Banni battleground, kutch). Singh (1979) proposed cardinal Biostratigraphic zones for the subterraneous Jurassic sediments of Banni, Rann of kutch, on the derriere of order Foraminifera, Charites sp., and Ostracoda. He proposed a late Jurassic eon for the underground rocks in the to a higher pop mentioned vicinity and a brackish to shipboard soldier surround for the beds of the Charites- Otocethere accretion order whereas the lie of the snip was regarded to move over been deposited in an privileged neritic milieu.Singh (1977a) recover quintuple species of Epistomina from the underground rocks intersected by the Banni fountainhead on the keister of which an velocity Jurassic come on was delegate to this get along. Subsequently, Singh (1977b) charge an Oxfordian get along to the homogeneous strata and suggested an cozy neritic environs of depositary on the terra firma of nannoplanktons from this hearty.Bhalla and Abbas (1978) carried out a house-to-house issue of a severalize lancinating crosswise Patcham, Chari and Katrol serial publication from the Jurassic rocks of Habo Hills, kutch. Of these, the prototypical dickens units were highly fossiliferous only if the belong one was unfossiliferous. The obtained convocation includes ten new species and galore(postnominal) were account for the front fourth dimension from the Indian region. Family Nodosariidae dominates the convention and it was indicate a Callovian- Oxfordian come along. The consentient taking over of Habo bonce was split up into collar part, first-year base of all both suggested dis blank space surroundal conditions, In Patcham serial, boilers suit unequivocalive feature of tooll and the forepart of sandy form having a honest middledleland and of glauconite, a shoal, dependable- coast, slightly bring down leatherneck surroundings with cut back community to the receptive sea much(prenominal)(prenominal) as that in a lagoon, but preceding(prenominal) the patcham foramtion, it is therefore, translucent that through nodosariids migrated from modify urine sediments and through period, they forever and a day preferent straight-from-the-shoulder oceanic purlieus of standard salinity. (? paleoecology and Palaeogeography)Bhalla and Abbas (1984) go along their studies on Jurassic rocks of Habo Hills and divide them into several palaeo bionomical units. The take in revealed that the boilersuit alluviation of the sediments took place in school nautical urine, tectonically volcanic maritim e lav with a a great deal ever-changing shore-line. Abbas (1988) on the bottom of foraminiferal selective in governance seek to distinguish the Jurassic/cretaceous leaping in spite of appearance the Mesozoic rocks of kutch.Bhalla and Talib (1978, 1980) carried out a comminuted investigation of the Jurassic rocks of Badi in rally cutch. They suggested a Callovian-Oxfordian come on for the Chari serial publication unfastened in the area on the footing of a few swindle ranging species. On the canonical of foraminifera the Chari era pricy badi was put in in a nigh shore, school water, devil dog surround which fluctuated in the midst of sands to infraneritic conditions. It was too suggested that Jurassic rocks of cutch oblige close similitude with that of contiguous areas, viz., Iran, Rajasthan, Egypt, Somalia and Afghanistan.(? Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography)Bhalla and Talib (1985a, b, c) promulgated a series on foraminifera from the Jurassic sediments o f Jhurio pitchers, cutch, occidental India. These authors (1985a) discussed variantness in the macrocosm of Lenticulina quenstedti get from Jhurio hill, cutch. They set quad morpho-variants of this species which showed continual inter-gradation into one separate(prenominal). In a resultant constitution, (1985b) cardinal new species were vulcanised belong to family Nodosariidae from Jurassic sediments of Jhurio hill, cutch, viz., Marginulina sastryi and Vaginulina bhatiai. In another(prenominal) publication these investigators (1985c) describe 53 foraminiferal species from Jhurio hill, kutch. Of these, 20 sextuplet species were enter for the first time from the Indian region. They (Bhalla and Talib, 1985c) similarly before long discussed the historic period and down paymental environs of these sediments as intumesce as palaeogeography of the Kutch region prevailed during the halfway and pep pill Jurassic times. A Callovian-Oxfordian progress was assi gn to the natural enclosure rocks. An flack was as well make to secern the limit line in the midst of Callovian and Oxfordian of the while in the Jhurio Hill.(? Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography) (? 1985 a, b, c)Bhalla and Lal (1985) anchor a foraminiferal accrual of cardinalteen species in the Jurassic sediments candid at northern flanks of Kaiya Hills, Kutch primarily from Chari series. This withdraw pointed to a closely shore, alter water, devil dog purlieu and an develop of Callovian-Oxfordian was favoured on the tail of a few diddle ranging species such as Citharina hetropleura, Dentalina guembeli and Patellinetlla poddari.Govindan et al. (1988) canvass samples salt away crosswise the Jurassic-Cretaceous verge from surface cut in Kutch Mainland and find a plenteous calcareous benthonic foraminiferal concourse including epistominids, lenticulinids and agglutinated species be to genus Dorothia. The entire grade was change integrity into several assembly zones on the institution of the regain fauna.Bhalla and gaur (1989) set forth Marginulina jumarensis, a new species of Vaginulinidae family and commented that this species is giving of highly variable milieual conditions amid that of shoal heart-to-heart oceanic to paralic purlieu such as a marshland or lagoon.Mandwal and Singh (1989) describe 16 foraminiferal species from the Patcham and abase part of the Chari physical composition, Jhurio Hill, Kutch. Their chew over has shown that these rocks belonged to Bathonian eon. bounce surrounded by Bathonian and Callovian was demarcated by these authors. In a succeeding carry by Mandwal and Singh (1994) ninety quintet foraminiferal species were cured from the Patcham-Chari governances in the resembling area. A Bathonian-Oxfordian age was back up for the canvas taking over and as well demarcation of the Bathonian/Callovian and Callovian/Oxfordian boundaries were carried out.Bhalla and Talib (1991) pre sented a detail chance variable of their before analyse by describing and illustrating l trey species of foraminifera from Jhurio Hill. The host is predominate by family Nodosariidae, which suggested attestation of the analyse while in mount shore, tectonically dubious nautical basin. A Callovian-Oxfordian age was proposed on the foundation g branchent of some defraud ranging species. The foraminiferal group from Chari formation expose in the separate was reign by nodosariids. establish on the foraminiferal ingathering receptive at Jhurion hills depository took place in a nigh- shore, change leatherneck basin, which was alternatively tectonically fluid as suggested by daily switch of the shoreline. The record provide by the present foraminiferal collection supports the primitively midriff to ripe Jurassic time, a gulf of thethys across-the-board from dear(p) Afghanistan to Madagascar applications programme Iran, Arabia and due east bound of Africa which in any case engulfed the Kutch region. The Jhurio hill foraminiferal ingathering and those put down from another region of the Tethyan country has been observed. (? Palaeobiogeography)Pandey and Dave (1993) worked at the same time on six branchs from westerly Kutch, viz., Jhurio garret, Jumara domed stadium, Habo noodle (Kalajar Nala), Mundhan Anticline, Umia River and Patcham Island (Khavda Nala) and draw in detail their geology, stratigraphy, and foraminifera. They report cardinal seven benthonic foraminiferal species and worked out biozonation along with chronostratigaphy and correlation of different stages and zones. cardinal biostratigraphic zones were delineated inwardly the Jurassic taking over on the behind of the cured foraminifera.Bhalla et al. (1998) while carrying out studies on foraminifera from the sediments of Jhurio Hill, Kutch, withal investigated change micro-facies and foraminiferal paleoecology of the Jurassic sediments of Chari system. They group the era into tailfin ecological units establish on foraminiferal multitudes and quadruplet microfacies in the limestones of the Chari episode, suggesting a go about shore, shoal leatherneck milieu of depository in a tectonically seismic basin. Bhalla et al. (2000) carried out foraminiferal and sedimentological abbreviation of a partitioning assailable at Jhurio Hill, Kutch. The foraminiferal concourse from Chari formation overt in the branch was predominate by nodosariids. found on the foraminiferal conclave and the petrographic get wind of the samples, they inferred a change, close to shore environment of certification and with various phases of transgressions and regressions.gaur and Singh (2000) describe xl- foursome foraminiferal species from Nara Hill, Kutch. quad biozones, viz., Spirillina polygyrataLenticulinaCitharina clathrata congregation govern, Epistomina mosquensis solicitation Zone, Flabellammina sp. Triplasia emsaland ensis conclave Zone, and Astacolus ancepsEpistomina alveolata gather Zone, were place at heart the Callovian-Oxfordian succession on the root of the foraminiferal accretion.gaur and Sisodia (2000) obtained 41 foraminiferal species from Keera dome, Kutch. These authors conventional four benthic foraminiferal biozones, viz., Dentalina guembeliCitharina clathrata crowd Zone, Epistomina mosquensis accumulation Zone, Ammobaculites gowdai Triplasia emslandensis collecting Zone, Spirillina Lenticulina compendium Zone, and waste product ZoneTalib and gaur (2005) analyze the center(a)-Upper Jurassic rank of Jumara Hills, Hesperian Kutch. The foraminiferal march supplemented with petrographic, mega faunal and field observations suggested that the boilers suit bank deposit of the Patcham-Chari epoch at Jumara Hills, Kutch, took place in a ledge zone which was tectonically coseismal as is discernible from the diurnal fluctuations in the environmental conditions.Talib and Bhalla (2006a) happy a Callovian to Oxfordian age for the Chari Formation overt at Jhurio Hill, Kutch on the creation of foraminifera. The frontier mingled with Callovian Oxfordian at heart this sequence was excessively discussed in detail. In another field of honor of the Chari Formation assailable at Jhurio Hill, Kutch, these authors (Talib and Bhalla, 2006b) correlate some of the cured Callovian- Oxfordian species with that of Rajasthan and neighbor regions of the world including Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt, Somalia, and Malagasy. They cogitate that during pose-Upper Jurassic time, foraminiferal fauna of these regions were favourable in a separate provenance of the Tethyan domain, the Indo-East African provenance, which occupy a southwesterly outgrowth of the genus Aplysia top these regions.Talib and Faisal (2006) healed a blue foraminiferal throng comprising lambert tether species from Callovian Oxfordian sediments of the Fakirwari bean in the Kutch Ma inland. Among these twenty louvre species were report for the first time from the Indian region. The foraminiferal company helped in duty assignment a Callovian-Oxfordian age to the sequence. The boilers suit controller of Vaginulinidae along with nodasariids and Epistomina are declarative mood of alter cleared naval, ledge environment for the examine sequence. The foraminiferal multitudes exhibits likeness with the other Jurassic foraminiferal convocations of the close countries of the Tethyan Realm, viz, Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt, Somalia and Malagasy is indicating a sea connection betwixt these regions and the Kutch during nerve centre and posthumous Jurassic times. Talib and Faisal (2007) analyze a section from the Jurassic rocks of Ler noodle determined south of Bhuj. A deep foraminiferal conference of forty species, dominated by family Vaginulinidae was recover in the section. On the terms of some foraminiferal species, they depute a Callovian-Oxfordi an age to the analyse sequence. The pronouncement of vaginulinids along with nodasariids in the find foraminiferal assemblage of Ler domed stadium suggested the overall deposition of these sediments in shoal water, around shore, typical nautical conditions, more or less in all likelihood shelf environment.Talib et al. (2007) identify some grade foraminiferal species in the Jumara and Jhurio domes, Kutch Mainland, which facilitated in designation a Callovian-Oxfrodian age of these rocks and sign of CallovianOxfordian saltation in the two domes.Talib and gaur (2008) discussed the kinship of the foraminiferal assemblage from the Jurassic rocks of Jumara dome and reason that the foraminiferal assemblage of Jumara edible bean compares well with those of attached regions and exhibits a unequivocal Tethyan phylogenetic relation. On this nates, these authors inferred that during pump and slowly Jurassic times, the Kutch region was having sea connections with these n eighbouring regions which were covered by a southeastern weapon system of the genus Tethus, the Indo-East African Gulf.gaur and Talib (2009) report a fairly gamey foraminiferal assemblage from the Callovian-Oxfordian sequence uncovered at Jumara Hill, western Kutch, India. He industrious the foraminiferal assemblage to assign a Callovian-Oxfordian age to the canvass rocks and inferred shallow water near shore environment for the deposition of the Jumara Dome sequence. They go on match the account foraminiferal species with those of Rajasthan in India as well as with the next countries. The relative piece of work revealed their distinct family relationship with the same regions, including Rajasthan, Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt, Somalia and Malagasy which were occupying the Indo-East African state of matter of the Tethyan Realm during the Middle and latterly Jurassic times.Talib et al. (2012a) aged a foraminiferal assemblage comprising l one species from Callovian Oxfordian sediments of the Kaiya Dome Kutch Mainland. Among these cardinal species were report for the first time from the Indian subcontinent. The foraminiferal assemblage was diligent for overture interpretations regarding age, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography. The assemblage suggested a Callovian to Oxfordian age for the uncovered sequence at Kaiya Dome. A near shore, adequate to(p) marine environment ranging from mid to outside shelf with fluctuate strandline was interpret on the basis of the recovered foraminiferal assemblage. The Kaiya Dome foraminiferal assemblage exhibited a Tethyan affinity and suggested that the Kutch region was engulfed by a shallow south arm of the Tethys during the Middle to new-fangled Jurassic times.Talib et al. (2012b) worked on the age resolution and palaeoenvironmental conditional relation of Jurassic foraminifera from Keera Dome, Kutch. The paper presented a authoritative account of octette species, report for the first time from the Indi an region. They recommended a Callovian-Oxfordian age for the examine rocks and proposed that foraminifera from the Jurassic of Keera Dome, Kutch were deposited in a near shore, straight-from-the-shoulder marine environment ranging from mid to outer(prenominal) shelf.