The Last Judgment Essay Example for Free

The get appraisal EssayThe painting of The Last Judgment by Michelangelo was a fresco which was executed between 1537 and 1541 at the behest of pope Julius II who commissioned Michelangelo to perform the task. This scene is ancestord on the passage in the Bible on what would happen when christ would come again. Both the living and the dead, who would be raised then, will be judged by Christ and their fates would be ascertain if they are going to heaven or snake pit.The artwork was done on freshly spread lime plaster that was still moist with water-based pigments. Michelangelos p anyet developed highly embellished monochromatic work and the symmetry of his systema skeletales made it appear broader and more threatening, if not intimidating to the uninitiated, intended to evoke a sense of bewilderment to anyone who would view it.This large, solid and heavy wall painting tooshie be viewed behind the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City and it took Michelangelo more than four years to complete this masterpiece which was a break from the usual sculptures he utilise to do where he had made out(a)standing works such as David, Pieta and Moses as he dabbled with the concept of mural painting which was probably the largest masterpiece he had ever done in his life as The Last Judgment formed part of the vast murals that adorn the walls of the chapel which is the Popes private chapel and at present, a place with significance as this is where Popes are chosen during conclaves and The Last Judgment is considered an appropriate artwork to adorn the altar of this historic chapel for such an occasion. The ideas and sense of appreciation from the painting itself depicts the indistinguishability of every personality on the artwork. They each stimulate alter deep explanations of every detail in the painting. Explanation is on the basis of their own experiences in relation to the painting and to themselves.Each dimension of this painting has its own perspective to present making it open to various interpretations. Ones eyes have to move from the center going up then look down after in analyzing overall the images then breaking it down to individual parts. The punctilious ones would be made to zoom in to see the every little detail, thinking whether it has connection or relevance with other images. The painting itself provides varied insights and explanations allowing for varied ways to comprehend the painting. For instance, the angels in the middle of the paintings are depicted blowing their trumpets to raise the dead, shown on the lower left-hand side of the painting, from their long deep log Zs to prepare them for their appointment with God.Two of them, apparently the archangels Michael and Gabriel are seen holding the two books in which all has been written down about the individuals where Jesus will base his judgment. The smaller book contains the names of the ones to be saved while the larger one contains the names of the damned (Michelangelo Ruehling). This is consistent to what is stated in the Gospel concord to Matthew. A similar passage would be also stated in the Book of Revelation (Rev. 2011-15) When the Son of Man comes in his glory, escorted by all the angels in heaven, he will sit upon his royal throne, and all nations will be assembled before him. Then he will separate them into two groups, as a shepherd separates sheep from goats. The sheep he will place on his right hand, the goats on his left (Matt. 2531-33). On the left panel, the chosen ones situated on the right side of Christ, those who had been judged worthy are escorted to heaven by the angels where they would live eternal bliss with the Almighty. The right panel, on the left of Christ shows the damned, the ones deemed unworthy and proven to now have repented their sins, are being led to nether region where they would suffer eternal damnation (Michelangelo). Besides the Bible, Michelangelo got his inspiration for making his artw ork from Dante Alighieris hellhole as it provided him with graphic detail or has enabled him to flesh out the scenes he would be depicting. In addition, he added personalities and characters from Greek and Roman mythology as part of his fleshing out of the scenes (Barnes 1).One would be able to recognize Charon (holding an oar), the ferryman of Hades of the Greek mythology as he and his minions are seen leading the damned to be judged before Minos found at the extreme lower right-hand corner with a snake wrapped around his body. Minos is another(prenominal) figure in Greek mythology where he was the king of Crete just now in this case and using artistic license, Michelangelo depicts the Cretan king as the ruler of hell instead of using Hades or Satan. Jesus is situated in the middle, befitting his stature as the King of Kings with his mother Mary at His side. The two large figures flanking Christ are the disciples Saints John the Baptist on the left and neb on the right, depicted with keys of heaven in his hand. The figure underneath and further right of Jesus is another disciple Saint Bartholomew, whose image is a self-portrait by Michelangelo himself.Also included are most of the saints who were martyred. They are seen in the painting holding the instruments of their martyrdom such as Saint Sebastian holding arrows used to eat up him Saint Blaise, holding iron combs used to torture him to death and Saint Bartholomew holding his skin, underscoring how he was flayed (skinned alive) to death by his tormentors (Michelangelo). Above the lunettes are symbols of the Passion of Christ which are the cross, the crown of thorns, the pillar where Jesus was bound and scourged, the spear that was used by Longinus to stab his side, and the sponge dipped in vinegar and hyssop used to sate Christs thirst while hanging on the cross.In terms of scale, technique and drama The Last Judgment is an absolute highlight of Renaissance painting as one can see the humanist approach taken by Michelangelo that showed a return to the classical style of Greco-Roman influence and a complete departure from the medieval style which was formless and lacking depth. Originally, most of the images were depicted in the nude but owing to the holiness of the place, a certain degree of modesty and decency was exercised and it fell upon Michelangelos assistant, Daniele de Volterra to edit the painting by covering the private parts in such a way that it did not compromise the intention of his mentor to depict the well-proportioned bodies of his subjects (Barnes 88). Jesus Christ Physically, Michelangelo depicted Christ with broad, potent proportions, appearing in a radiant glow of divine light befitting His place as the Son of God and King of Kings.Michelangelo further accentuated this radiance by painting the figure in a section that is best illuminated by the chapels window for special effect. Christ is portrayed barely clothed and bare-legged instead of being august a s one would expect in his Second Coming, wearing notwithstanding a long strip of cloth across his loins in a manner in order to reveal the wounds of his crucifixion the puncture wounds on his hands and feet where the nails were driven and the wound on his side where the spear was thrust. These not only emphasize his passion as well but also resonates images of his resurrection, proving once and for all that he had conquered death and has redeemed mankind from the wages of sin and thereby emphasizing his undisputed position as the ultimate judge of mankind (Ruehring).Despite the rather modest image of Christ, Michelangelo still managed to evoke a powerful image of Jesus as final judgment is being carried out without fear or reservation in order to justly and ultimately mark who deserves to be punished and committed to hell. Michelangelo depicted Christ in such a way to express the righteous anger of promptness and firmness in passing judgment towards the individual, further remind ing one of the fate that awaits when that time really comes. The painting also depicts the Blessed Virgin Mary seated beside Christ. Mary is regarded by Catholics as a great intercessor for anyone seeking solace or succor in times of trouble.In this particular case, she appears to be downcast as her head appears to turn away as a sign of resignation which implies that she could no longer intercede for anyone at this point in time and can only be a spectator witnessing the judgment of mankind (Michelangelo Ruehring). Minos At the lower right-hand corner of The Last Judgment is Minos, whom Michelangelo depicts as the king of hell instead of Satan. It can be inferred here that Michelangelo employed artistic license in using a different character to be the ruler of hell and he drew his inspiration from Dantes work Inferno where Minos is depicted as the king of hell (Alighieri 23,75).He is shown with a snake in the grass wound tightly around him, symbolizing the circle of hell. Michelang elos physical depiction of Minos also served for him as a stinging caricature against his enemy Biagio da Cesena, then the Popes chamberlain, as a way of getting back at him for saying his painting was not worthy to adorn the walls of the Vatican despite the commission from the Pope. Michelangelos spite was very evident as he tried to depict Minos in the most hideous way possible complete with asss ears and a serpent striking his genitalia as a form of revenge against his nemesis whom he could not physically harm owing to his stature in the Vatican (Ruehring). CharonMichelangelo borrowed another character from Dantes work and Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who ferries the souls of the dead across the River Styx leading to Hades though in this case, it is hell. Physically, Charon is depicted hideously with shadower skin, thick dark hair, pointed ears, bulging and glowing eyes, giving him a devil-like appearance, short of depicting him as an actual demon. He is depicted herdi ng the darkly gaunt and tortured souls as they spill upon the shores of hell. Michelangelo has truly captured Charon as an agent of hell in this painting and seamlessly combining classical (Greek) mythology with Christianity to come up with a very unbendable image (Barnes 108, 113). All in all, The Last Judgment can be truly be called a masterpiece by Michelangelo.He had done arbitrator to the work and in a way, rendered great service to the Church by blending horrors and beauty of condemnation and redemption, all these wonderfully captured in his painting. Works Cited Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. capital of the United Kingdom Smith, Elder and Company, 1865. Barnes, Bernadine. Michelangelos Last Judgment The Renaissance Response. Los Angeles University of California Press, 1998. Michelangelo. The Last Judgment. Sistine Chapel, Vatican City. Ruehring, Lauren Mitchell. Michelangelos Last Judgment. 2010. How Stuff Works. 12 May 2010 http//entertainment. howstuffworks. com/arts/artwork /michelangelos-last-judgment6. htm. The smart American Bible. Camden, New Jersey Catholic Publishers, Inc. , 1970.

Electronic Banking in Pakistan | Dissertation

electronic Banking in Pakistan Dissertationelectronic Banking in Pakistan1. PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND1.1. INTRTODUCTIONAs the world has entered the xx first century, one thing has become all too app atomic number 18nt, some(prenominal) organization that wishes to succeed in to years cutthroat competition forget drive to underwrite Information Technology (IT) with fervor.In this age of Information Technology new inventions and innovations are affecting all the theatre of operationss of life. Al or so all kinds of organizations are stepping into the field of IT, in an effort to increase their productivity and expand their customer bank. The same goes for the Banking Sector. Today all the banks of the world are adopting the tool of electronic Banking.The need of Electronic Banking was felt in South Asia during the last 5 to 7 years. This concept emerged as an essential tool for successful bank management. Financial sector has been supple to recognize this fact, and in Pakistan, most of the banking effort has moved away from the old ledger based system to computers and automation in locate to modernize their operations. Although outside banks were pioneers of bringing this concept to South-Asia but they have further to start latest Electronic Banking practices in PakistanBackground Electronic BankingElectronic banking is an umbrella name for the physical process by which a customer whitethorn perform banking trans swear outs electronically without visiting a brick-and-mortar world.It is a form of banking in which monetary resource are transferred through an telephone exchange of electronic signals amidst monetary institutions, rather than an exchange of change, checks or otherwise negotiable instruments.The growth in use of the Inter sack up world-wide and the development of procedures alter secure transactions on-line have created the new field of on-line banking, where customers deal with their banks chiefly or entirely through lucre co nnections. Opening hours or location of branches, unlike the traditional banks does non restrict such function. Both existing banks and new groups are already moving into this potentially very all important(predicate) area. Since on-line banking run great deal be accessed with equal ease almost anywhere in the genuine world, this raises the possibility of banking networks operating without regard to national boundaries, with incident regulatory problems.Banking on line, comm save called PC banking, electronic banking or Internet banking, has been around in one form or another for a cristal or more.Forms of on-line BankingFol natural depressioning kitty be the ways to bank on-line1) Internet Based accessto level cultivation through banks network site, via modem, using a standard web browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.2) Bank SoftwareBank provides customers with proprietary software system to install in their computers. The software allows cu stomers to connect to banks computers over a secure network. The customer essentially dials directly into the bank instead of through the Internet.3) Personal finance SoftwareSoftware such as Quicken or Microsoft Money allows customer to exchange financial information with the bank. The software connects to the banks computers via an Internet based come down up and downloads financial information from the clients account. Many banks affiliate leading software vendors such as Intuit or Microsoft to make their systems compatible.4) give way-by-Phone Systems /Tele bankingAllows a customer to pass on by telephone certain bills, or transfer funds between accounts, with instructions to the bank. One must have an agreement in advance with the institution to make such transfers.5) Point-of-Sale TransfersAllows a customer to pay for retail purchases with an EFT (or debit) government note. In some instances, this card may also be an ATM card. This is identical to using a credit card, bu t with one important exception the money for the purchase is transferred immediately or very shortly from customers bank account to the stores account. An increasing number of merchants are accepting this type of retribution.On-line Banking a RevolutionThe thought of today is the reality of tomorrow but the thoughts of Banking on Your testify TERMS AT YOUR OWN DOORSTEPS, which seemed to be reality of tomorrow, is no a more mystique.What we can do NOW (?)It allows customers to do most of their financial transactions at home on a personal computer.Pay your bills on-line while youre watching TV.Check your account balances from your digital cell phone as you stand in line to board a flight.Consolidate all your financial accounts on-line in one favourable, secure location.Have access to friendly, cooperative customer service representativesWhy on-line banking?Unfortunately, banking is a necessary evil that can take a large chunk out of already bustling schedules. Visiting a branch or ATM, paying bills by paper check (and mailing them) and balancing a chequebook all can be time consuming. Banking on-line, by its nature, can automate many an(prenominal) of these processes, saving time and, in many cases, money. One can access his account and do banking when (and where) it is convenient for him.Following can be online banking services offered by various banksCheck account balancesMake transfers between online accountsCheck the status of loansTrack investmentsApply for loans onlinePay bills electronicallyDownload account information to a personal finance software programOn-Line Banking AdvantagesInternet banks are open 7 days a week 24 hours a dayIn general, you pull up stakes find lower fees and high interest rates for deposits due to the reduced live of operating on-line and not needing numerous physical bank branches.Create a more in depth portfolio of each single customer of what their demand and expectations are.Be able to provide services to each cus tomer that are customized to their individual preferencesYou give have easy access to account information and transactions, because any Internet-enabled computer can become your bank terminal.You will generally have up-to-the-minute current bank account information due to the automation of most systems.In many cases, on-line banks offer free bill pay, which can be a big saving in both money and time.You can transfer funds electronically between accounts.Common E-Banking ServicesRetail ServicesWholesale ServicesAccount managementAccount management bankers bill payment and presentmentCash managementNew account openingSmall vocation loan applications, approvals, or advancesConsumer wire transfersInvestment/Brokerage servicesCommercial wire transfersLoan application and approvalBusiness-to- transaction paymentsAccount aggregationEmployee benefits/pension administrationCurrent Scenario of Electronic Banking in PakistanPakistan is widely considered to be in the Third Wave of growth eco nomies that include countries in Asia, Latin America, the Pacific Islands and the Middle East. These countries started to adopt the Internet from around 1993. Almost all have a state monopoly over the tele converses sector with low tele-densities per cosmos and high telecom embodys, which restrict Internet access to elitist groups in the population. Less than 2 per cent of the population is connected to the Internet. These countries have weak political and democratic institutions where the governments welcome new commercial opportunities.The First Wave countries include USA, Canada, and some Nordic states where the Internet took back in the 1980s, and became an naturalized feature of social, political and economic life. On average, over 35 per cent of the population are connected to the net, with households always connected online to the net 24 hours in the day in many cases.Both the First and Second wave of counties have much in common with both twisting in the early developm ent of the Internet. The gap between the two is rapidly diminishing. Both have highly developed telecommunication infrastructures, with extensive networks of fiber optic, air and ISDN lines that can respond to exponential growth in demand for bandwidth. Knowledge of Internet applications is a mainstream activity, and a prerequisite for commercial credibility. They have highly developed information, dissemination technology and content industries, with a strong export focus. Both have strong government policies that aim to influence the shape of the future information society, with massive investments in research and development, education, training, IT and Internet developed research.E-Banking in PakistanDue to advancements in sciences and technology, many inappropriate banks started offering Electronic Banking services in Pakistan. Electronic Banking offers tremendous opportunities and saves cost and time for both banks and customers.E-Banking in Pakistan is still a relatively ne w phenomena and is evaluate to grow now faster with future perceptivity of computers and internet services in the country, availability of a robust legal material, removal of concerns about security of electronic transactions and enhanced reliability of communicationUnfortunately Electronic Banking in Pakistan is still in the mental home material body and the government with the private sector has to streamline many policies for its further development and success. Although foreign banks took the initiative but now there are private Pakistani banks that are qualification advancements in E-Banking. The rate of technology transfer from developed to developing countries has been very slow in this regard.In Pakistan the available technology services are NIFT, ATM, ETPoS, Tele Banking and Central Depository Systems.NIFT was established in 1997,it is a technology that uses images with fast sorters to automate check pissing.ATMs are automated teller machines that provide facilities for instant deposits and cash withdrawals, and are presently available at around 200 locations in major cities only.ETPoS is a method of payment where goods and services are paid for at the point of sale, and is available in major cities in a fewer super markets only.Telebanking is telephone banking facility available only in a few banks, and again, in major cities only.The central depository system is a well- established system used in stock exchanges for recording and the transfer of securities.Secure electronic transactions (SET) This protocol was developed jointly by Visa and subjugate Card and is now baked by American Express. Major players in e- job, networking, and computing like Microsoft, Netscape, IBM, etc, are behind specifications of this protocol, and are thus becoming an industry standard for secured payments on the internet. SET provides confidentiality through encryption message integrity using digital signatures, and authentication of consumer and merchant identi ty Use of this, method is warning due to the level of security that this method offers. However, establishment of this protocol will require Internet merchant accounts.Smart cardsIt is a digital bills payment, which looks similar to credit cards, but contains a microprocessor and a storage unit. The cards hold prepaid account information. Merchants who accept these records are credited for the transaction aggregate by card issuers. The use of this technology is safe but expensive to acquire. Pakistan will require building a consensus among major stakeholders to invest in making this technology available in Pakistan.Value-added networksPakistan could establish value added networks (VAN) for financial transactions to expedite fast and efficient flow of remittances to all major cities and to enable exchange of electronic documents. These networks will provide shared connectivity, security assurance of data, and reliability of service. These networks will provide bank -to -bank trans fer of funds for financial transactions, and will also enable the exchange of electronic documents to facilitate e-trade. These value added networks will also facilitate B2B transactions using EDI systems. The EDI Vans will execute authorized transactions between valid trading partners. These networks will reduce technical complexities and the cost of implementing dedicated connections with a multitude of trading partners. Another advantage out of these networks will be the provision of storing viable information on the networks, so that authorized partners can directly access them without contacting the other parties. This will help in increasing efficiencies of business transactions in terms of time and costs.1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEME-banking has entered the Pakistan economy in a big way but, considering the state of development of banking industry in the country and the client-base, there are doubts about the utility and cost- in effect(p)ness of this mode of banking. The r esearch written report will examine these points and give recommendations on the subjectAn evaluation, theoretically and practically, of the surface of banks which adopted electronic operations, and the prospective role for banks in the future.Discussing problems facing banks in the sphere of electronic banking operations.Specifying the concept of electronic banks.1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYFollowing objectives have been prepare forth in conduct of the researchTo familiarise public with the subject of ELECTRONIC BANKING, enhance their keenness to remain abreast to the techniques, and modern trends of efficient banking.To mother healthy practices in banking business and profession and to advise suitable measures for their achievement.To encourage and provide Electronic Banking information and to offer education through research name contents to students and consequently to national financial institutions.To print and publish the report for provision to all who are interested i n the issue of Electronic Banking.To subscribe Electronic Banking practices of different banks in Pakistan.1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYE-banking is playing an important role not only in the development of electronic services in the first world countries but also in the developing countries too. Due to advancements in sciences and technology, many foreign banks started offering Electronic Banking services in Pakistan. Electronic Banking offers tremendous opportunities and saves cost and time for both banks and customers.This study will evaluate the electronic performance of banks. This report emphasizes the fact that on-line accessibility, awareness, attitude towards change, computer and Internet access costs, trust in ones bank, security concerns, ease of use and convenience are the major factors affecting the adoption of Internet bank services in Pakistan.1.5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYScope of the studyThe research thesis covers the leading banks in Pakistan that have e ntered the e-banking era and examine its economics. The major limitation of the study is that the concerned banks are reluctant to disclose information with regard to costs incurred on E- banking.Limitations of the studyAs the E-banking in Pakistan is at the introduction stage and its efficacy is yet to be tested, adequate literature on the subject is not available.Moreover, the topic under study requires comprehensive research, which is possible if more time is allotted for the project.Banks force play are reluctant to give information about banks electronic process and problems faced by banks.2. LITERATURE REVIEWLiterature survey is conducted in order to get more insight into the study. Literature survey consists of past studies related to this topic. Which will help and ensure that no important information related to the study is omitted. It includes mostly domestic studies conducted by our own scholars.2.1. FOREIGN SCENARIOYoshio, (1999), states that Malaysian banking sector s tarted in the 1970s. However, the first visible form of electronic innovation in the Malaysian banking industry was the introduction of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in 1981. The ATMs to a large extent released banks from the constraints of time and geographical location.Then in the early 1990s, Tele-banking was introduced in Malaysia, which provided yet another delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices connected to an automated system of the bank by utilizing Automated Voice Response (AVR) Technology.Utsuml, on June 1, (2000), said that the Malaysian Central Bank gave the green light for locally owned commercial banks to offer Internet banking services. On June 15, 2000, Maybank, the largest domestic bank in terms of assets as well as network distribution, http//www.arraydev.com/commerce/jibc/www.maybank2U.com became the first bank to offer Internet banking services in Malaysia. This service is currently provided to individual customers of the bank and the site boasts of the latest 128-bit encryption technology to allay fears of security among consumers. The services provided in this portal include banking enquiry functions, bill payment, credit card payment, funds transfer, and accounts summary as well as transaction history. Customer support service is provided via e-mails as well as via telephone lines and is available casual from 6 am to 12 mid-night.Jose, (2000), said that the Hong Leong Bank commenced its Internet banking operations known as e-Banking, which can be accessed via their web site at http//www.arraydev.com/commerce/jibc/www.hlbb.hongleong.com.my in December 2000. In addition to providing services that were previously included in their Phone banking service, they also offer options of assessing account transaction history in their e-banking. They too provide support services via e-mails and telephones from 7 am to 11.00 pm, seven days a week.Al-Jasser, (1999), states that both the competitive forces as w ell as the expect benefits are causing concentration and expansion of E-banking services in the country (Saudi Arabia). However, in the long run it would be the actual benefits which the banks would realize in terms of higher profits through reduction in intermediary costs and expanded consumer base due to improved services on a cost effective manner that would determine the role of E-banking in the countrys banking sector. E banking is expected to play an important role in integrating the financial markets of Saudi Arabia globally and banks would ultimately capitalize on these developments.Figures, (2000), states that E-banking Automate critical banking activities and interact electronically with bank with comprehensive tools that help reduce administrative costs, increase productivity, and improve cash managementin a security-enhanced environment.2.2. LOCAL SCENARIOMashhood, (2000), states that the role of information technology in financial services is to support operational effi ciencies, facilitate customer services, mange lay on the line and support in decision-making. In the IT policy on financial services, the government of Pakistan has asked the affirm Bank of Pakistan to allow opening of internet merchant accounts to enable inter-bank electronic fund transfer, to re-engineer processes of foreign trade sections, to accept e-orders of value less than $500, to open an e-commerce wing in financial institutions, and to facilitate clearing and e-reporting in al banks. The e-commerce action plans for the financial sector have been established as per directions from the government. The plan is to connect branches of 25 local and foreign banks in 12 major cities. In phase I, branches in one city will be linked with their head office. In phase II, all these banks and other financial institutions will be connected together. In phase III, private and public sector stakeholders will be linked and ultimately e-commerce network will include financial, trade and cu stoms networks along with their international links.Ziauddin, (1998), states that In Pakistan, huge investments, recurring costs, and absence of economies of scale are some of the major bottlenecks to invest in online banking. One other problem is that only a few foreign banks are linked with their branches, otherwise all major financial institutions work in isolation.AL-Bader, (1999), said that in the absence of a centralized database linked to branches, banks do not only need the communication software to facilitate communication, but also require modems, routers, controllers, etc. irrespective of the passel of transactions, be it small or massive, huge investments are required to facilitate online banking. Not only the capital investments debut also the recurring costs, such as lease payments to PTCL, ongoing maintenance costs, etc, are discouraging national banks to invest.Giasuddin, (2003) said that there is a need to establish inter-branch and inter-bank networks so that all financial institutions may be linked together to facilitate electronic payment systems, which are among basic prerequisites for establishment of the financial infrastructure for e-commerce development. The next step that is still not clear in Pakistan is the type of electronic payment systems and digital currencies to be used in Pakistan. There are a lot of different methods of payment that are available globally. Pakistan has to carefully decide the most feasible payment systems that can easily fulfill financial requirements, as well as, provide plentiful confidence to the buyers and merchants for safety and security of such payments.Kazmi, (2000), said that there is an urgent need in Pakistan for establishing value added networks for financial transactions. Without these networks, it will be difficult for business and financial institutions to provide EC solutions with high quality and low costs.Zaidi, (2003), states that there is a need to establish inter-branch and inter-bank n etworks so that all financial institutions may be linked together to facilitate electronic payment systems, which are among basic prerequisites for establishment of the financial infrastructure for e-commerce development. The next step that is still not clear in Pakistan is the type of electronic payment systems and digital currencies to be used in Pakistan.Shabbir, (2003), said that both the competitive forces as well as the expected benefits are causing concentration and expansion of E-banking services in the country. However, in the long run it would be the actual benefits which the banks would realize in terms of higher profits through reduction in intermediary costs and expanded consumer base due to improved services on a cost effective manner that would determine the role of E-banking in the countrys banking sector. E-banking is expected to play and important role in integrating the financial markets of Pakistan globally and banks would ultimately capitalize on these developme nts.Naveed, (2003) states that Credit cards are primarily used as convenient payment products and at times a credit facility for short term needs. The State Bank of Pakistan is playing a pro-active role in promoting adoption of technology-based solutions in the banking sector and supporting services based on E-Banking. E-Banking has already taken off in this country and the recent launch by Habib Bank- one of the largest banks in the country has provided a major breakthrough. so the question is not when the facilities will be provided but how rapidly these facilities will expand. Efforts in this direction are focused upon following areas mental hospital of a robust legal infrastructure supply to the needs of E-Banking and other payments systems involving electronic law of closure of funds. Key step in this direction was the promulgation of Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002, which provides legal recognition to digital signatures and documentation reducing the risks associate d with the use of electronic medium of business. State bank is currently engaged in an exercise to further augment the legal framework for electronic settlement of transactions in the banking sector.Establishing of Payment Systems Development mission in which commercial banks are members, to guide the development of payment systems in Pakistan.Creation of a dedicated Payment Systems Department in the State Bank dealing with all issues pertaining to payment systems including E-Banking.Creation of a Real Time earn Settlement System (RTGS) providing an E-Banking solution to banks maintaining their accounts with standard operating procedure (SOP) whereby they will be able to operate these accounts from their own premises via an electronic connection with the State Banks own servers.Commercial banks have been allowed to open and operate Internet Merchant Accounts.Banks are being promote to expand the ATMs network through more meshing and a wider network of machines all across the coun try. all banks have been asked to join a SWITCH and interconnection between the 2 existing SWITCHES is being encouraged for further development of the electronic infrastructure .State Bank has already acquired SWIFT connection and has also made it mandatory for banks to acquire SWIFT connectivity for settlement of all cross border financial transactions.Expansion of automated cheques clearing services to all major cities in the country is actively being pursued. The impost of plastic money such as Credit/Debit cards is making good progressIshrat, (2003), states that introduction of E-banking will improve banking services mainly in terms of the convenience of the customers including, place, time and price, the banks will be able to provide improved services and, consequently, the quality and skills of banking staff will also improve. Although many banking services will be available 24 hours, the need for over the counter services will remain and banks would continue to provide norm al services during office banking hours in Pakistan also like in the developed countries where E -banking is prevalent, it has been observed that customers feel much confident in using e-banking services when they can associate it with brick and mortar branches. Purely online banking without physical branch network has not made much headway even in developed countries. In Pakistan, with low rates of literacy the majority of customers will continue to use the 9-5 bank branches.Rizvi, (1999), states that the state bank of Pakistan has constituted various committees such as the Payment Systems Development Committee and the ECH task force for the development of technology based banking services in the country. Besides other matters, these committees also oversee the developments in the areas of E-banking. State Bank of Pakistan coordinates almost with other agencies such as the Ministry of Science Technology (MoST), in initiatives relating to E-banking.Shirazi, (2001), said that the f uture of e banking is very bright in Pakistan. Many banks in Pakistan have started providing e-banking facilities to their consumers. Over 300 ATMs are in operation in Pakistan the use of ATMs is rapidly increasing. More and more facilities are being provided by the banks electronically including e-statements, funds transfer, bill payment for utilities as well as other purchases. By 2002, almost 40% of the bank branches have been automated and it is expected that this proportion will reach 50% by 2004. The rate of increase is phenomenal i.e. about 318%. Similarly, the number of online branches has doubled during the last 2 years to 570 and by 2004 this number will jump to 1356, representing an increase of 376%. This expansion along with the growing penetration of internet will bring E-banking to more and more of their customers both in terms of rime as well as geographical locations.Mahmood, (2003), states in order to meet E-banking challenges that State Bank of Pakistan establishe d the ECH Task Force under the leadership of Mr. Naveed A Khan(Country Representative ABN AMRO Bank) to facilitate the development and implementation of E-Banking sector to promote E-Commerce. This Task Force was constituted to facilitate in planning introduction of enable technologies in the financial sector of the economy having a direct bearing on E-commerce. The ECH Task Force is constituted of various dedicated professionals from the major financial institutions of the country who enrich the Task Force with their experience and expertise with a firm commitment to develop and promote E-Commerce in Pakistan.Ahmed,(2001), states that Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) is honest another business tool, one that enhances business efficiency and effectiveness and allows cost reduction. It is a vehicle to carry out business-to-business (B2B) or business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. For financial institutions and entrepreneurs, E-Commerce not unspoiled makes old processes work bett er it also provides a means to break with tradition and create new ways of doing business. E-Commerce has a lot of potential in Pakistan where ideas are rich, resources and labor are cheap, workmanship is excellent, entrepreneurial skill in abundance, and there is a large presence of indigenous and globally appreciated artifacts other tradable goods. However, on a more realistic side, we have a lot of ground to cover before we can reap the benefits of E-Commerce and turn our economy around. These are technical as well as administrative challenges that have to be met and above all we need the basic infrastructure, which facilitates and promotes trading through electronic means.3. search METHDOLOGYThis chapter presents the basic methodology required in research. It includes the methods of search, type of study and the sources of data.3.1. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDYThe methodology of study includes the different methods that researcher has used to reach to the conclusion. simply due to shortage of time the researcher has tried his best to make this report informative, useful and also beneficial for others. The researcher has also gathered a lot of information to cover all types of aspects related to automation and electronic data processing.In this report the researcher has covered first of all the introduction of electronic banking, its background, what facilities and benefits it provide and what is its scope in Pakistan? Secondly the researcher has visited few of the banks offering electronic services. They were very knowledgeable to the researcher basically in explaining their scope in Pakistan.3.2. TYPE OF THE STUDYThe study is descriptive because the intention is to explore the existing values given in problem statement. Descriptive process was believed to be more suited in this kind of investigation because it seeks direct response from respondents. This procedure has been used in many areas of investigations in many fields of academics and scientific disci pline.3.3. GOAL OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDYThe goal of the descriptive study, here is to offer a peo

Barriers to ICT in Nigeria School Research

Barriers to ICT in Nigeria groom look study parley technologies (ICTs) are entropy function tools that are uptaked for the production, storage, processing, and distribution and exchanging of preparedness. The many different information tools work together, and merge to make a networked world- which gets into every part of the world (UNDP Evaluation Office, 2001). It is a progressively more powerful tool for getting snarly in global markets, enhancing political accountability recovering and making erupt the delivery of basic services and enhancing many development opportunities (UNDP, 2006). Ogunsola (2005) says Information converse and applied science is a based electronic system substance ab single-valued function for transmission of information, to respond, process and retrieve, which has influenced the way we gener totallyy live our lives. Access to global k in a flashledge and communication brush aside be gained (Ogunsola, 2005). The use of ICTs by student make th em get more fellowship and understanding to complicated hit manject topics and concepts and are more likely to think about information gained and apply it outside the walls of the classroom. (Apple Computer, 2002). In addition, students deepen their understanding and knowledge finished ICT because there is annoy to information at different levels. (CEO Forum on Education and Technology, 2001).Nigeria is a developing country populated with over 124,009,000 people.60% of the population in Nigeria lives in the rural area which do non raze energise access to social amenities like computers or IT amenities for distribution of information. Most coachs in Nigeria do not have computer systems in their schools and even those that have do not make use of it or get the full utilization of the proceedingiveness and efficiency of information applied science. The development of information applied science in Nigeria has not exposeed the required heights which is affecting the use inf ormation and communication technology in the discipline system of the country. (Oyebisi, 2003)Education constitution in Nigeria is structured into four different levels we have the primary breeding, second-string education which is divided into two different cycles-junior subaltern school and higher-ranking supplemental school, and we have also got the Tertiary and higher education level. The primary education is run for six old age for ages from 5 to 11yrs after an examination called common juggle is written to secure admission into the junior secondary winding school education, the junior secondary school cycle is run for 3 years and from age 11 to 13 years and also the elderberry bush secondary school cycle also run for 3years from age 13 to 16 years after which a cured secondary school certificate (SSCE) is taken which stands as a requirement for entrance into the tertiary and higher education level. The tertiary and higher education level comprises of universities, polytechnics and college of education. (International organization for Migration). This dissertation impart be a call for on the secondary education level in Nigeria focusing on the senior secondary school cycle.In Nigeria, the ability and effect of information technology has been known in the school system. (Yusuf, 2005).The evidence of this is shown in different reform policies hardened down by the country to integrate ICT especially computer in the Nigeria school system. The federal government 1988 document policy implements the introduction of computer studies, both bundle and hardware, to the various levels of education in the country. The document also stated that secondary school teachers should be trained which was facilitated by introducing computer systems some of the secondary schools.In 2004, the revised National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004) focuses more on the need of ICT at all Nigeria education levels. For example, in the fraction 11 sub-section 102 (a) states that All states, Teachers Resource Centres, University Institutes of Education and other professional bodies shall belong to the network of information and communication technology (ICT) (p.53) and also further stated in the section 11 sub-section 102(d) states Government shall provide facilities and necessary infrastructure for the promotion of information and communication Technology at all levels of education (p.53).However, despite the written documents were accepted, they were not implemented which has left Nigeria to still be leave outing in the usage of Information technology in the Nigeria education institutions.1.1 RATIONALE FOR THE researchInformation and Communication technology has made impact in all aspects of life (Oliver, 2002). Information and communication Technology has proved and provided so many positive effects in every aspects of any country, organization. Many countries have experienced drastically change over in their environment especially their educati on promoter with the use of information technology. In spite of such positive impact most(prenominal) developing countries like Nigeria are still yet to efficiently and effectively incorporate the use of information and communication technology into their educational system. This study will be inquirying the barriers and also factors that preventing the effective and efficient use of ICT in Nigeria and the steps to be taken to improve the usage of ICT.1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONThe investigate question developed to guide the study isWhat are the factors preventing the usage of Information and communication Technology (ICT) in the senior secondary school educational system of Nigeria? And what steps that could be taken to promote ICT usage in this heavens?The following research sub questions were developed to guide the studyWhat is the current secondary school education system in Nigeria?What is the current level of usage of ICT in senior secondary school education system in Nigeria? What are the factors influencing usage of ICT in Nigeria senior secondary school education system?What are the barriers affecting the usage of ICT in Nigeria senior secondary school education system?What can be done to improve the current situation of ICT usage in Nigeria senior secondary school education?1.3 AIM OF THE STUDYThe aim of this research is to be able to identify and analyze the different barriers preventing the usage of ICT in the Nigeria senior secondary school education system and make suitable recommendations to improve the current usage.1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThe objectives of this studyTo understand Nigeria current senior secondary school education system.To understand the current usage level of ICT in senior secondary school education in Nigeria.To identify the factors influencing the usage of ICT in senior secondary school education in Nigeria.To identify the barriers affecting the usage of ICT in senior secondary school education in Nigeria.To embed the suit able ways by which the usage of ICT in senior secondary education in Nigeria can be effective1.5 GANTT CHARTThe Gantt chart shows the manakin for the research in terms of time scale apportioned to the different aspect of the research. Its a representation of the different tasks and activities that will be done in the research project. (See Appendix 1)CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWAfrica has experienced the growth of ICTs in different areas over the past decades and it includes education. The metamorphosis from teacher-centred educational manner to assimilator -centred education the all over the world in the previous years, adds to the use of ICTs in education. Lending from the phrase Knowledge -Driven world as envisioned by (Hawkins, 2004Inwent, 2004), it con eyeshades that education developmental practices must centre on the same access (i.e. equal) and value of education which should emphasize the significance of change in the educational sector via use of ICTs and providing new generations with improved expertise to operate in the 21st snow.The use of ICTs in African countries and Nigeria in general is rising and considerably increasing. Conversely, dapple there is a vast knowledge on how ICTs are being implemented in advanced countries, there is less information on the order in which ICTs are being brought in into schools in less advanced countries (Beukes-Amiss and Chiware, 2006). Observing the less-developed countries in accordance to these authors, there is usually a short access time for each month using ICTs via both the students and teachers and even a lesser time taken with good Internet access. It ought to be observed that availableness of ICTs with reference to access in terms of proportion of teachers to students varies considerably. In spite of this, the recent and rising technologies challenges the conventional process of Learning and teaching, and the manner in which education is controlled or managed. Despite the fact that ICT is a vi tal area of research in its own right, it is getting a key impact through all prospectus areas. Simple global communication gives immediate access to a wide array of data, challenging assessment and assimilation skills (Fowowe, 2006).Rapid communication and better access to ICTs in homes, educational establishment, and at work may possibly mean that acquisition of knowledge or acquire turn out to be a truly lifelong activity-activities via which the rate of hi-tech change, forces continuous assessment of the teaching progression or process it self. Besides the sizeableness of the research, laying fury on the part of the Internet and students mind-set or spatial relations towards it has been well thought-out. Nowadays, Internet has become our part of communal order via the provision of a variety of functions. On the other hand however, it has immense function by implementation of method of education and system at all the society.Moreover having awareness of the educational techn ologies and its study parts as Internet needs being more creative i.e. readiness, to put in new growth, creativeness or originality for learning, allowing individuals have their own learning with supportive and collective intelligence, making significant learning based on the constructivist approach (Maddux, et al., 1997).2.1 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO USING ICT IN THE CLASSROOMIn Accordance to cyclooxygenase and Preston (1999), there are quite a few factors that have been recognized which could support and influence teachers in the usage of ICT in classrooms. In order to judge these factors furthermore with reference to teachers ICT use, the research makes use of the TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) done by Bagozzi, Davis and Warshaw (1989) which was an edition of hypothesis of reason action by Fisbein and Ajzen (1980) to examine the posterior for the usage of ICTs by teachers. 107 adult users who had been using a managerial system for 14 weeks were tested with this model, and it was observed that peoples usage of computer was guided by the intents of their minds to use it and that knowledge effectiveness was also strongly related to these aims.2.2 TEACHERS AND INSTRUCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF ICTSSeveral different types of technology could be apply to maintain and improve learning. All from digital moviemaking, video content, to handheld technologies and laptop computing has been apply in classrooms. Likewise, new usage of technology such as pod casting are constantly emerging (Marshall, 2002). From Marshals view point, a variety of technologies brings different types of package and provides different purposes in the classroom. E-mail and Word processing promotes communicational skills spreadsheet and database programmes promote organizational skills and software for modelling promotes the basic understanding of Mathematics and Science concepts. It is imperative to look at how these electronic technologies vary and what type makes them essential as a van f or education (Berker, 1994). procurable technologies in classrooms nowadays vary from simple tool-based functions for example word processors, to scientific repositories of online data. Others are handheld computers, primary historical documents, bipartisan distance learning classrooms and jamd-circuit television channels. Prensky (2005) emphasized that even the mobile phones that a lot of people now take with them can be used to gain knowledge. In accordance with Zhao and Lei (2006) all technology is possible to play diverse roles in the learning of students. Instead of trying to illustrate the effect of all technologies by putting them as the same, researchers ought to consider the various types of technologies that are being used in class-rooms and for what intentions. Two universal differences can then be looked at from the literature.Learners can study from computers where technologies are used basically as teachers and tend to enhance students essential knowledge and skills. Furthermore, it is feasible for them to be taught with computers where technologies are used as tools that can be used in varieties of goals in the knowledge acquisition process and can be as resources to help in the development of advanced order thinking, research skills and creativity (Ring staff and Kelley, 2002 Reeves, 1998). Murphy, et al., (2001), said that the primary structure of student studying from computers is explained as DES (Discrete Educational Software), CAI (Computer-assisted Instruction), ILS (Integrated Learning System), and CBI (Computer-based instruction). Applications of this software are also the most broadly accessible applications of learning machinery in schools nowadays, alongside the word-processing software, and have immensely helped in classroom for over 20 years (Wong, Ravity, Becker, 1999).Murphy et al., (2001) elucidates that teachers employ the use of (Discrete Educational Software) DES not only to enhance teaching, as in the previous years, but t o provide means for self study, bring in topics, and give chances to learn ideas otherwise difficult to get to students. The software also performs two key hypotheses about how computers can aid learning. Primarily, the users skill to relate with the software is barely described in methods intended particularly to encourage studying with the tools. Secondly, computers are seen as a medium for acquiring knowledge, to a certain extent than as tools which may perhaps support more learning. As Discrete Educational Software (DES) is known as the universal method or approach to computer use in students acquisition of knowledge. Of late, the usage of computers in schools has developed more varieties as educators identify the potency of studying with technology as a way of enhancing or improving students problem solving abilities and reasoning.Zhang (2005) remarks that this move that has been motivated by the superfluity of communication devices and new information now more available to st udents at home and in school , each of which gives new enablement to students and teachers alike for enhancing and improving student success and to meet demands the 21st century skills.2.3 BARRIERS TO ICT USAGE IN EDUCATIONThe observation that teachers proficiency and lack of understanding to weigh up the use, tasks and roles of ICT in education as the two major factors obstructing teachers willingness and assurance in using ICT support. Likewise, (JISC, 2004) in their observation on rising development in learning technology showed that the most noteworthy obstacles seen are linked to the training of staff in the use of ICT, staff attitude, access and ICT expertise in general. Furthermore (Elgort, Marshall Mitchell, 2003) similarly reported that staffs keep on identifying a lack of time as an obstacle to the use of technology. At the same time this has been interpreted to mean that staffs have not had the moment in time to attain the essential or Basic skills needed, which now app ears more probable that it reveals a sense of main concern communicated by the institution and a need by academics to see a revisit on the investment or outlay of their time in accelerating their teaching and educational delivery with latest technology. Earlier study of academic staff attitude and manner of approach to the use of technology has also repetitively discovered time and a lack of such examples (e.g. knowledge and skills) as major obstacles to technology implementation (Marshall, 2000).The observation of ICT, has been user-friendly by teachers in this research is significantly relevant what Cox et al. (1999) observed. This is owing to the fact that most factors that teachers regard as making it easier to use ICTs was seen by Cox et al. as adding to the constant use of ICT by teachers in their learning, and which were also seen to be of main importance to these teachers in their teaching. The issues are making the courses easier, interesting, and more diverse, more fun for them and their pupils, more enjoyable and more motivating for the pupils among others. In addition, it should be of a worthy note that in TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) by (Davis et al., 1989), one of the fundamental themes studied was apparently ease of use. This, in accordance to Davis generally influences peoples acceptance or grace to use a particular technology.CHAPTER THREE3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch is a cautious enquiry or search into a research question, or venture to ascertain new, or gather old facts etc., by methodical study of a subject. A good research is organized, truthful, and regularly assisted by knowledge of experts. It is governed by an in-depth understanding of what it means to be acquainted with something, by principles for performing things observed, for putting together and evaluating evidence to enable choices to be made in the midst of competing accounts of an observable fact, for testing the reliability of conclusions (Sharp et al, 2006)The res earch methodology is divided into parts The research design and the data collection.3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN3.1.1 Research Approach there are two types of approaches to a research, inductive approach and deductive approach. These two approaches are use to assess information.3.1.1.1 Inductive ApproachInductive approach is a research approach that has to do with collection of data and then analyse the data, from which a theory is developed. It emphasize on having understanding on the human factor reasoning. It uses quantitative method in collection of data. The researcher is part of the process of the research. (Saunders, et al, 2009).3.1.1.2 deductive ApproachFor the purpose of this study, deductive approach will be used.Deductive approach is an approach that has to do with shifting from theory to data there is development of theory or hypotheses, in which a research strategy is intentional to test it. It emphasizes more on scientific principles. It is a highly structured approach. It us es collection of soft method (Saunders, et al, 2009). Deductive approach analyse the relationship between research and theory. Theories that have been developed are then tested. Theories gathered are quite illuminating until they are tested. A researchers epitome of any theory may change after data has been cool, tested and analyse. These may be because ,new theories might have been developed before the researchers finishes his or her analysis and also the data collected by the researcher may not fit into the real or initial theory. (Alan, et al, 2007)The process of deductive approach is-Theory, Hypothesis, Data collection, Findings, Hypothesis confirmed or rejected and Revision of theory. (Alan, et al, 2007)3.1.1.3 WHY DEDUCTIVE APPROACH?The approach that will be used for this study is deductive approach because it is already established that Information and Communication Technology has made a very great impact in education but despite this Nigeria is still lacking in the use of ICT in education. Most of the secondary school students are yet to use a computer in their studies and teachers are finding it very difficult to change their system of teaching by using ICT in their system f teaching. Therefore here will now be collection of data through questionnaires to test this theory.3.2 DATA ANALYSISThere are two types of methods used in data analysis, they are numeric analysisQualitative analysis3.2.1 Quantitative analysisQuantitative analysis is a type of analysis that uses mathematical data for its data analysis process like graphs collecting data through data collection technique such as questionnaire. (Saunders, et al, 2009).3.2.2 Qualitative analysisQualitative analysis is a type of analysis that uses non-numerical data for its data analysis process such as categorising data through data collection technique such as Interview. (Saunders, et al, 2009). Researchers that make use of qualitative analysis gets close to the targeted population which are bein g researched so as he or she can have a better understanding of them in terms of behaviour, beliefs and values. In qualitative analysis, new research concepts and theories emerges out of the collected data .Due to the relationship that tend to exist between the researcher and the people he or she is investigating, qualitative researchers play an active role in the research design and gets more involved in whole process.3.3 PROPOSED RESEARCH STRATEGY FOR THE CURRENT STUDYThe research strategy chosen must be able to answer the research question and sub-questions appropriately and also meet up the objectives set.(Saunders,et al,2009).There are many types of research strategies which include, experiment, survey, case study, action research, grounded theory, ethnography and archival research. . (Saunders, et al, 2009).For the purpose of this study, the research strategy to be used is survey.Survey strategy enables one to sampling, whereby data can be collected from a small population rep resenting a large size population.3.4 DATA COLLECTION METHODThe data collection method that will be used is questionnaire and which will be administered by using postal and also telephone oppugn.The postal or mail questionnaire will be administered to respondents which are principals, teachers and students, which will be sampled randomly, while the respondent for telephone interview will be Government official.3.5 POPULATION TO BE SAMPLEDThe participant s will involve 25 principals, 250 teachers and also 250 students will be selected randomly from different senior secondary schools.10 Government officials will be used for the telephone interview. The questionnaire given will be filled by the respondents, which will be collected back.3.6 TYPE OF DATAThe kind of data to be collected include Gender Age faculty Experience school location, Education Level, ETC and also further questions to be asked areWhat is your level of computer literacy?Which kind of ICT do you have access to in yo ur school?How frequent do you have access to the ICT items per week?What is the adequate level of the availability of ICT and access to them?What are the activities done with ICT items?What are the factors hindering the usage of ICT in the school?These are just few out of the questions to be set in the questionnaire more questions will be added as i further into the study.3.7 PROPOSED RESEARCH ANALYSIS FOR THE CURRENT STUDYThe combination of both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis would be use for the purpose of this research for the data collected because numerical data will be used for it data analysis and questionnaire will be used as the data collection technique and also the interview that will be conducted with the government officials will be analysed with quantitative. They will be given their opinions in the answering of the questions.REFERENCESApple Computer, (2002).The impact of technology on students achievement. Available athttp//www.aple.com/education/research/index 2.html Accessed on12/05/2010Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs,NJ Prentice-Hall.Alan B.Emman B.(2007).Business research methods.(2nd edition).Oxford University Press Inc.,New York.Becker, H.J. (1994).Internet use by teachers. Available at http//www.crio.uci.edu/TLC/findings/Internet-Use/startpage.html. Accessed 25 may 2010Becker, H.J. Ravitz, J.L, Wong, Y (1999). Teacher and teacher directed student use of computers and software. Center for Research on Information Technology and Organisations, University of California,Irvin, and University of Minnesota.Beukes-Amiss, C.M. .Chiware, E.R.T. (2006).The impact of diffusion of ICTs into educational practices, howgood or how bad? A review of the Namibia situation. Available athttp//www.dspace.unam.na8443/dspace/bitstream/1995/244/impact+diffusionICTedupdf Accessed 23 May 2010CEO Forum on Education Technology (2001). School technology and readiness report Key building blocks for student achievement in the 21st century integrating digital content. Washington, DC Author. Available at http//www.ceoforum.org/downloads/report4.pdfCox, M.J., Preston, C., Cox, K. (1999) What Motivates Teachers to use ICT? Paper presented at the BritishDavis, F.D, Bagozzi, R.P Warshaw, P.R. (1989) User acceptance of computer technology a comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science. 35(8). 982-1003 Educational Research Association Conference. Brighton. September.Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) (2004).National policy on education (4th edition.)Lagos NERDC PressFowowe, S.S. (2006).Information technology A veritable tools for sustaining the Universal Basic Education Programme in Africa. 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Promoting The Health And Wellbeing Health And Social Care Essay

Promoting The Health And Wellbeing Health And Social Care EssayGo for your life strategic plan 2006-2010 aims to promote hale lifestyles, encourage corporal operation and profound have, and prevent chronic diseases, Physical inactivity and poor nutrition are lifestyle factors that pot cause fleshiness which can lead to chronic diseases which lead to an increase burden on the federation. Around the world, obesity has reached epidemic proportions, with more than one billion adults overweight and most 300 million of those adults clinically obese (go for your life, 2006) Go for your life is tackling the increasing rate of illness, obesity and chronic diseases by educating capital of Seychellesns on the benefits of good nutrition and corporeal activity. This is done by cr eating a framework for action that holds activities for all people, from different stages of life children, junior people and their families, adults, seniors and members of high risk groups.Children in the e arly age aged 0 to 5 and their families need to establish sizable eating and corporal activity behaviors in the early years of a childs life. As it is a very important step for preventing future nutrition and exercise related problems. As most eating and activity occurs with the family, it is crucial for parents to be able to grant for their childrens needs with an emphasis on health and wellbeing, beginning with breastfeeding. Early childishness settings offer significant potential to improve the physical activity and healthy eating of young children in their trouble.Maternal and child health workers can provide information to parents/carers to assist them with activities they can do with their children to promote health and wellbeing. Early childhood stave like child care workers, school and preschool teachers need to have the knowledge, confidence and skills to promote culturally and age-appropriate healthy eating and physical activity to children fleck in their care and, where possible, to their parents/carers to further promote a healthy lifestyle.Young people aged 5 to 18 and their families have a better sympathy of physical activity and good eating habits of school-aged young people. Young Victorians aged five to 18 years spend a considerable amount of their measure in education, sport and recreational and main(a) care settings, teachers and family need to model culturally and age appropriate healthy eating and physical activity habits to young people. liberals as parents, workers and members ofCommunities are urged to improve the eating and activity behavior of other adults by promoting active healthy lifestyles.Senior Victorians can protect themselves against a spew of diseases, including some chronic diseases, by sustaining a healthy lifestyle that includes a range of physical activities and good nutrition. While recognising that Senior Victorians may have widely different lifestyles and experiences, older people can gain greater knowledg e, confidence and skills in healthy eating and active living. Aged care workers and those that work/care for the elderly need to ensure that they have the knowledge and confidence to keep the elderly active and have a healthy diet.Certain groups in the community have a greater burden of disease and experience higher rates of poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, overweight and obesity and associated chronic diseases. These groups include people with a low socio-economic status, Indigenous Victorians, men, people who have a disability, people from different cultures who have English as their second language. People who wane in these groups need to be better educated to gain the skills to change their behavior in order to lead a healthy and active lifestyle and decrease their prevalence of developing a chronic disease in the long run.Go for your life covers many areas under two main headings rosy-cheeked Eating and dynamic Living. hygienic eating comprises of dietary advice, food and nutrients, nutrition and illness, what is a healthy weight? body image, weight management, food safety and healthy recipes. Active Living includes activity general information, walking, active recreation, sports and activities, active transport, activity and illness, active living tips, places to go/things to do. These sub headings provide advice on how people can be active and lead a healthy lifestyle.Some initiatives developed as sort out of Go for your life includeGo for your life Canteens informative ServiceThe Go for your life Canteens Advisory Service aims to support schools with primary school-age children to provide and promote healthy food choices.Increase the awareness and skills of canteen staff regarding the provision of healthy food services.Improve the participation from school councils and parents and friends associations to endorse and support healthy food choices in their schools and communities.Increase the accessibility of healthy foods offered in scho ol food services.Link with and complement the Kids Go for your life service and other relevant components of the Healthy Active Victoria Strategy.Get Active quarrelThe Get Active Challenge was a 10-week computer program targeting mens health and physical activity levels, based in Victorian workplaces. The program challenged men to boost their physical activity levels whether on their own, in a group, with friends or with their family.Why should men get active?Men are drastically more likely than women to be overweight or obese.Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with diabetes.Men have an increased estimated incidence of coronary heart disease in two ways that of females.Men are less likely than women to self-report their health status as very good or excellent.Regular physical activity is associated with the decline in the incidence of many serious illnesses such as cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and some cancers.Act ive ConnectionsThe Active Connections Program aims to point barriers to participation in physical activity in culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Three pilot projects are being undertaken over 2 years.Netball Victoria are operative with local anaesthetic sport and recreation clubs, associations and facilities in Dandenong and Warrnambool to provide cultural awareness training, run the Net Set Go junior netball program and a series of come and try days. The target groups for the project are young African refugees and their families and the project has seen the establishment of Sudanese netball teams participating in local competitions.Royal Victorian Bowls Association an 8-10 week introductory program to lawn bowls with 20-40 English language students of various nationalities attending each program from Adult Migrant Education Services (AMES) campuses in Footscray, Werribee, Noble Park and Dandenong. The program will provide an introduction to Australian sport and culture (including the role of clubs in delivering sport) through both practical and theoretical education. This model will be demonstrated to the 500+ lawn bowls clubs in Victoria and supported by the emergence of educational and promotional materials to attract CALD people to engage in lawn bowls.Centre for Multicultural Youth Issues (CMY) based in Ballarat, the CHAMP project intend to cost barriers and increase participation rates and social inclusion for newly arrived communities in the Central Highlands Region, with a special focus on refugee youth and their families. CMY are functional with local sport and recreation clubs, associations and facilities providing cultural awareness training and assistance with strategies and policies. CMY will also facilitate activities to bring sports fundamental laws and newly arrived refugee and migrant communities together.Active PlacesThe Active Places program aims to promote the benefits of leading a healthy and active lifestyle. The Go for your life Active Places program seeks to offer increased opportunities, awareness and capability for physical activity among marginalised and socially disadvantaged communities. The program will maintain community and organisational capacity building through community-based projects within Community Renewal, Neighbourhood Renewal or Community Building Initiative sites.Go for your life Ride2School ProgramThe Go for your life Ride2School Program aims to increase the number of children equitation to and from school and targets primary and inessential schools across the State. In 2006 the proportion of students who walked or rode was closer to only 20 per cent. As a result, the Government is funding a plan to get children and teenagers riding and walking more often under the Go for your life initiative. A severalise part of the plan is to expand Bicycle Victorias Ride2School Program to more primary and secondary schools across the state. Ride2School works with schools to help them extend their own Ride2School activities and support to encourage more students to ride and walk more often. Ride2School also coordinates activity challenges across the state to encourage students to cycle and walk more oftenGo for your life Walk Together GrantsThe Go for your life Walk Together Grants was a one-off funding program that was developed to establish and uphold sustainable walking groups in Victoria. Partnerships for projects aiming disadvantaged communities and other groups with low physical activity.Healthy and Active ChoicesThe Healthy and Active Choices pilot project aims to emphasize the messages of healthy eating, physical activity and healthy lifestyle by making possible the provision and uptake of healthy food choices at regional sports facilities.Integration of walking and cyclingSport and Recreation Victoria are collaborating with government departments and agencies as well as non-government organisation and peak bodies to expand an integrated approach to walking and cycling across Victoria. The project has identified the need for a longer term vision for investment in walking and cycling and a strategy is currently being developed.Its Your MoveThe project promotes teenagers to take ownership, control and suggest the best ways before to address healthy eating, healthy bodies and physical activity. The teenagers are working in collaboration with a variety of levels with government and the local community to look at and create new view to own healthier choices easier choices. The teenagers will keep a record of their eating and physical activity habits around the clock for the project, part of the Victorian Governments Go for your life strategy. (go for your life 2010)The whole-of-community project aims toDecrease intake of sugary drinks and promote water consumption.Increase the proportion of young people eating breakfast.Increase fruit and vegetable consumption.Increase the healthiness of school food.Increase active transport to a nd from school.Increase partaking in organised sports and other active recreation. take a crap an acceptance of different healthy body sizes/shapes.The Government recognises that the entire community needs to be engaged in addressing this issue. Thats why Go for your life is working mutually with community groups, industry, organisations, schools, business and research institutions. Raising awareness about the significance of healthy eating, physical activity and healthy weight is a key element of Go for your life. The Go for your life communications activities provide Victorians with knowledge about the significance of healthy eating and physical activity, to support people to make positive lifestyle changes. Through Go for your life, the Government has made a significant investment in encouraging healthy eating and physical activity and endorsing healthy weight. From kitchen gardens in schools to supporting a healthy body image in teenagers, from diabetes prevention programs to pr ograms designed to keep seniors healthy and active, Go for your life is harming people and communities across Victoria in the challenge of taking on healthier lifestyles and avert chronic diseases.

The dark side of fast food Essay -- Health, Diseases, Obesity

Todays furious pace of life does not provide people with an opportunity of leisurely eating. The replacing of traditional food to convenience food is the result of the general intensification of work. At present people ar usu wholey under time pressure. Therefore, unshakable food seems to suit to the rhythm of modern life. However, it is argued by nutritionists that fast food is not beneficial to health, and causes health problems such as diabetes, heart diseases and obesity issues. The number of American arduous adults, whose mass is defined as 120 percent, has increased from 25 to 35 percent over the period of time from 1960 to 1991, while the percentage among adolescents has grown from 10 percent to 20 percent from 1970 to 1991 (James K. Binkley. 1997). In addition, these indexes are rising simultaneously with the development of fast food, one aspect is food delivering system, widespread service all over the world, which leads to population living passive life style and cont ribute to acquiring obesity. During the period of time between 1980 and 1990 the proportion of money spent on food, that is prepared out of home has increased from 26 percent to 37 percent (Robert W. Jeffery and A. Simone. 1998). Moreover, significant minority of children are suffering from obesity. While sales of fast food are growing, the quality of health is declining. Presently, there are about 30,000 McDonalds restaurants in 120 countries full of regular clients (BBC. Worldservice.com). In addition, there are many other similar corporations which mean that the fast food industry is prospering.Currently, humanity has a significant problem with a health of people overdue to a wrong nutrition, which consist of a different types of fast food. It is, therefore, ... ...possible solutions for stabilizing situation and providing legal style of life without the fast food. Those are to put a stop for the usage of harmful ingredients in food, to decrease and limit amount of the fast fo od restaurants and to geld the advertisement time on television and to reduce total amount of banners and websites of these fast food corporations. Moreover, it is believed, that these methods will improve todays difficulties of people with the fast food consumption and addiction, and will provide healthy life style (ORourke. 2005). In conclusion, in todays situation, humanity and particularly governments of countries have to dispute for the active life without fast food, and to stop the fast food addiction, because of which all of these terrible things such as children and adults obesity, heart diseases and diabetes mellitus are happened.

A Dialogue Paper on Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

A Dialogue Paper on Human Cloning   This dialogue is between devil students at the university. Steve is a little self-conscious about cloning, while Sally presents many valid arguments in favor of it. Steve presents many moral questions that Sally answers. Steve Hi, Sally. Are you aware that the Scottish embryologist, Ian Wilmut, cloned a sheep from crowing cellular telephones, and now, there are many moral, economic, and political questions that must be answered. Sally Interestingly enough, I was just reading about this topic in a magazine. I was amazed at the simplicity of the cloning process used by Dr. Wilmut and his colleagues. The process of cloning a sheep begins by taking the cells from the udder of an liberal sheep, and placing them in a culture with few nutrients. The purpose of this is to starve the cells so that they stop dividing. This switches off the active genes. While they starve these cells, they take an unfertilized fruitcake from a different ewe, and remove the nucleus from this unfertilized egg. Then, they place the unfertilized egg cell next to one of the original starved cells Steve How do the two cells come together? Does it happen spontaneously? Sally No, it does not happen spontaneously. An electric pulse fuses the two cells together. A second electric pulse makes the cell divide. After six days, Dr. Wilmut placed this embryo into a different ewe, and after a normal gestation period, the new baby sheep named skirt was born. She was named after Dolly Parton. Steve But cloning is not new. In 1952, researchers in Pennsylvania cloned a live toad frog. What makes Dr. Wilmuts achievement so special? Sally Yes, it is true that a frog was cloned in 1952, but those scientists used an embryonic cell. Dr. Wilmut used an adult cell. Steve What is the difference between using an embryonic cell and an adult cell? Sally embryonal cells are undifferentiated. Undifferentiated cells have not gone through changes that make some cells into skin cells or muscle cells or brain cells, for example. Undifferentiated cells stack become any cell in the body because it can activate any gene on any chromosome, but as cells develop, the DNA of veritable cells fold in particular ways making large portions of the DNA inaccessible. This makes sure that the wrong genes do not get turned on at the wrong time or in the wrong place.

Black America and the American Nightmare :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Black America and the American NightmareThe Myth of Sisyphus parallels the lack of an American Dream in black America. In The Myth Of Sisyphus, Albert Camus describes the tragedy of Sisyphus, forever punished by the gods to push a rock up a mountain, watch the rock roll down the mountain, and thence push it up the mountain again. In the words of Camus, there is no more dreadful punishment than futile and hopeless labor. The American Dream is understood alive for white Americans. They still dream of large houses, big paychecks, and hard work leading to a comfortable retirement. However, like an animal battling to fight extinction, the American Dream is on its last breath in black America . . . Uh, you know that stuff we told you about apple pie and equal opportunity, spacious skies and rags to riches and devising more money than your parents did? Well, uh, we forgot to tell you something. That was only supposed to apply to white people. Does the American Dream really exist in the black community or do blacks labor under the false impression that our lives will be better in the future? Am I wasting my time paid for a degree from college in a country where I have to put my skin color on every form I menage my name to? Sisyphus intrigues Camus because he questions Sisyphus thoughts about his fate. At that subtle moment when man glances backward over his life, Sisyphus returning toward his rock, in the sight pivoting he contemplates that series of orthogonal actions which becomes his fate, created by him, combined under his memorys eye and soon sealed by his death. As Sisyphus returns to his rock, does he question his fate? Unlike blacks in America, Sisyphus created his own fate. Sisyphus is awake that he will labor in futility until the end of time. He is not under any false impressions that the gods will call his punishment off because of close behavior. He knows his fate and has accepted it. Do blacks also labor in futility, hoping that someone will g o back and change history? Sisyphus accepts the rock as his future. This absurd form of acceptance is the only thing that keeps Sisyphus from going crazy. He is superior to his fate because he survives despite it. Do blacks in America also accept their fate?